私教不给我训练后拉伸,也不让我自己拉伸,说要让乳酸堆积长肌肉,这合理吗?
☂≄私教不给我训练后拉伸,也不让我自己拉伸,说要让乳酸堆积长肌肉,这合理吗?
平心而论,绝大多数健身房教练的专业知识水平很低。
我有个学员是体制内培训师,他专门负责批量培训教练。有一次他跟我聊天说,98%的教练都不具备基本的运动专业知识(例如,连牵张反射是什么都不知道)。当时我还有些惊讶,现在看了题主的问题后,我更加确信了。
一、力量训练后再拉伸本来就没用(但与乳酸无关)
拉不拉伸是每个人的自由,甚至于别说拉伸,任何人就是不锻炼/不上班/不吃饭不睡觉,我也管不着;但我写这些文章,应该讲的是科学,是普世价值。
就目前的科学知识来看,力量训练后没有拉伸的必要。
“肌肉紧张”本身就不是正规基础科学教材中的概念。这个概念是捷克医生杨达的个人观点,后来主要被商业机构用于割韭菜(制造焦虑—贩卖产品解决焦虑),但在任何一本基础科学/医学/生理类教材上都找不到这个概念。
更重要的是,这个概念有违基础科学常识:从生理学上说,肌肉不可能自己紧张,肌肉必须在神经系统产生的动作电位刺激下收缩[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7];只要主观上不再用力,肌肉就不再收缩/紧张(除非抽筋,特殊情况不做讨论)。
力量训练本身就可以很好的提高柔韧性。许多研究表明,不拉伸单纯只做力量训练,人类的柔韧性不但没有下降,反而会提高[8] [9] [10] [11];个别说力量训练不能提高柔韧性的研究[12]被同行评审认为有较大的局限性[13];提出力量训练对柔韧性效果不如拉伸的研究[14] [15]被指出有实验缺陷,变量控制(动作范围)有问题;只要动作范围得到保证,力量训练就能显著提高柔韧性[16] [17]。
更重要的是,完整动作幅度的力量训练就是更高强度的拉伸[18]。反过来,如果拉伸使用了更大的负荷,实质上也就成了力量训练(的离心阶段)[16]——这就是为什么有些研究说拉伸能增肌,而有些说不能,因为负荷不同。
如果使用较大的负荷(1RM的65%)进行拉伸,柔韧性的提高效果最大化[19];如果在静态拉伸中增加重量,就能更好的增加柔韧性[16];对老年人来说,力量训练重量更大,柔韧性提升效果更好;停训后力量训练强度越高的老人柔韧性保存得越好[20]。
拉伸不促进肌肉恢复。虽然训练后拉伸可以降低延迟酸疼[21] [22] [23],但是主流科学更倾向于认为这是拉伸降低了疼痛敏感度[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31];练后静态拉伸对运动能力、肌肉围度等指标要么没有影响[32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38],要么效果不理想[39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44]。
Grant等人2019年的研究显示,在训练后进行静态拉伸,并没有促进跳跃能力的恢复。训练后,拉不拉伸跳跃能力无差异;
图1
红线是拉伸组,蓝线是对照组,纵轴是跳跃高度
DIS等人报告[45],训练后的各项恢复指标,包括最大收缩力量、跳跃高度、柔韧性、肌肉围度等,在拉伸和不拉伸组之间没有差异,得出训练后进行拉伸并不促进身体恢复。
图2
类似的证据,堆积如山:
Boobpachat等人发现训练后拉伸和不拉伸组之间的恢复指标没有差异[46];ESP等人发现力竭训练后静态拉伸不能扭转肌肉力量的显著下降[47];Mika等人证实力竭训练后静态拉伸,肌电活动没有增加[48];Rob等人证实在剧烈运动(爬楼梯)后拉伸并不促进肌肉恢复,血清肌酸激酶水平(肌肉损伤的指标)并没有得到改善[40];一些拉伸减少训练后的延迟酸疼的研究,结果参数之间相互矛盾,连这些研究者自己都主动提出该结论(拉伸减少训练后延迟酸疼)的可靠性存疑[49];glynn等人甚至发现训练后进行静态拉伸不能减少疼痛发生[41];Wessel等人发现训练前后分别进行拉伸也不能阻止延迟酸疼[42];Jar等人指出,单纯依靠拉伸并不能取得理想的恢复效果[50];相应的内容,我很早前就写过了。
力量训练后需要拉伸吗?(一)
https://www.toutiao.com/article/7148712983076635136/
训练后需要拉伸吗?(二)
https://www.toutiao.com/article/7148735239258014221/
训练后需要拉伸吗?(三)
https://www.toutiao.com/article/7148968818361238024/
有人问我实践过没,我感到好笑。我系统训练了15年从未间断(就算疫情封了健身房,家里也有杠铃)。其中14年不拉伸,没有任何问题。更有趣的是,我有1年专门进行拉伸,但是没有感觉到任何用处、任何不同。
此外,跑马拉松从不拉伸的网友,也大有人在,人家成绩还可以。
图3
所以,目前还没有什么证据证明,力量训练后有必要拉伸。
二、力量训后乳酸消除只需要几分钟多点
众所周知,力量训练中大部分能量来自肌糖原(的能量为ATP充能),肌糖原是由几百甚至几千个葡萄糖分子组成的,糖原要先在相应酶的作用下,被拆解为葡萄糖。
然后,葡萄糖又在在酶的作用下转丙酮酸(如下图),这个过程(从葡萄糖到丙酮酸)就是糖酵解。而本问题中的乳酸,就是丙酮酸转化来的。
丙酮酸接受一个氢(来自3-磷酸甘油醛),在乳酸酸脱氢酶的作用下,产生乳酸。
糖酵解
大家会发现,这条通路是可以不要氧气的——也就是民间说的无氧代谢。因为在运动强度较高时,氧气供应的速率是不足的,所以高强度运动都走这条路径,于是乳酸水平升高[51] [52]。
但无氧代谢(糖酵解)有缺点,释放的能量比较少(2个ATP)。其实丙酮酸转化为乳酸后,还有更多的能量储存其中,没有被彻底释放。
生命体都追求能量的使用效率,减少浪费,当然要想办法彻底释放丙酮酸中的能量,所以演化出了另一种代谢方式:有氧氧化。
有氧/无氧
有氧条件下,丙酮酸可以不转化为乳酸,而是在丙酮酸脱氢酶的作用下转化为乙酰Coa,然后再进入著名的三羧酸循环(Tc循环),被彻底氧化为二氧化碳和水。
这样释放的能量(能合成30-32个ATP)比糖酵解(能合成2个ATP)多得多,因此人类只在短时间(大强度/爆发力运动中)才主要使用无氧代谢,只要有条件,就走有氧途径,所以一旦脱离剧烈运动,产生乳酸速率也就大幅度下降了。
之前高强度运动中产生的乳酸,要么被氧化,要么被转化为其他能源物质[53] [54]。因为说到底乳酸只是个代谢中间产物,并不会长时间大量堆积在存在肌肉中,比如进行了30-60分钟连续运动后,乳酸在1小时左右恢复到基线水平[55] [56] [57] [58]。
而力量训练的乳酸积累更少一些、清除速度更快。有些研究发现剧烈的力量训练后,乳酸的释放在休息几分钟后下降为接近零[59] [60]。
三、拉伸不影响乳酸代谢
停止运动后,乳酸在肌肉内的浓度还很高,它们在一些转运蛋白[61] [62]的帮助下被运载进入血液,到达其他器官和组织进行处理,比如肾脏[63] [64]。
之前堆积的乳酸,在停止运动后,要么被彻底氧化供能,要么被转化为其他物质,如葡萄糖、氨基酸(丙氨酸)等。比如2分钟极限自行车冲刺后,约有接近一半的乳酸被合成为糖原[65]。
总之,乳酸不会长期堆积。但不管乳酸走是哪一种途径被代谢,都要先还原为丙酮酸。
图6:乳酸的几种常见去路
乳酸被还原为丙酮酸,靠乳酸脱氢酶[66]。这种酶,广泛存在于动植物和多种生物体中,而且在不同的物种之间,乳酸脱氢酶的结构高度相似、大同小异[66]。对人类来说,乳酸脱氢酶主要存在于肾脏,在心肌和肌细胞也有,所以肾脏是处理乳酸的主要器官之一。
顺便说个题外话,考虑到转运蛋白[61] [62](MCT1/4)和肾脏的乳酸脱氢酶[66]在处理乳酸的过程中发挥了重大作用,我们很有理由怀疑,人的乳酸阈(乳酸耐受)差距,就跟这些蛋白(MCT1/4、乳酸脱氢酶)(酶的本质也是蛋白质)的DNA表达水平有关系。
这可能解释了为什么天赋决定下限:同样不运动的学生,同样上体育课,有些人1000米2分40秒,有些人5分40秒——他们对乳酸的处理能力和耐受性可能有很大不同。
回到主题,我们前面已经把乳酸的代谢说的有一些框架了,现在大家猛然回头,发现几乎没有任何生理学上的知识、证据表明拉伸跟这些酶有关、或者说有联系。
有人可能会说,你不知道不代表没有——谁主张举证。
有人可能会说,你也没有证明这些联系不存在——证有不证无。
说到底,网络上的意见分歧,大多数是脑子的问题。
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﹩◈私教不给我训练后拉伸,也不让我自己拉伸,说要让乳酸堆积长肌肉,这合理吗?
这个我真做过亲身验证(半年只练不拉)!训练后不拉伸容易导致肌肉紧张,使得关节灵活度减低!个人不建议!
✽⇣私教不给我训练后拉伸,也不让我自己拉伸,说要让乳酸堆积长肌肉,这合理吗?
你的训练目的是什么?增长白肌的美观性,还是锻炼红肌实用性?在乎华而不实的体脂率,还是健康养生?追求松弹协调的运动能力,还是追求摆造型的静态审美?
运动学非常复杂,多面性和多样性的事情没有绝对的对与错。
⇎⏎私教不给我训练后拉伸,也不让我自己拉伸,说要让乳酸堆积长肌肉,这合理吗?
无论是美国的认证还是国内的国职资格或者cscc没有练后拉伸这个环节你一个证都不拿不下来不管你学的多好,练的多牛逼。但是在健身房练完不拉伸也能解释通,你强度不够受伤,拉不拉问题都不大,不拉伸靠自身代谢
▏↗私教不给我训练后拉伸,也不让我自己拉伸,说要让乳酸堆积长肌肉,这合理吗?
第一次听说拉伸可以消除乳酸!
在我的认知里,肌肉里堆积的乳酸只能通过代谢消除,然后通过尿液排除体外。有没有拉伸,乳酸的消除速度都不会有太大变化。
至于私教该不该为你拉伸,那就只能看你们事前的约定了!
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